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Earthquakes
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- Latin America
- Mexico City
- 19 September 1985
- Tectonic Setting of Mexico
- Seismic Hazard Map of Mexico
- Statistics
- Where: coastal mountains of the Michoacan
Province - 240 miles east of Mexico City
- When: 7:17 a.m. September 19, 1985
- Magnitude:
- 1st EQ M 8.0
- 2nd EQ 36 hours later M 7.5
- Losses
- Official deaths: 9,500 (Estimated
as high as 35,000)
- 30,000 injured
- +100,000 homeless
- Damage:
- ~ 825,000 km2
- $3 and 4 billion (USD)
- 412 buildings collapsed and 3124
damaged in Mexico City
- 60% of all buildings destroyed in
Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco
- Felt by almost 20 million people.
- Why was the damage so great?
- Liquefaction of lakebed sediments
- Buildings resonating at the same
frequency of the ground vibrations
- Nicaragua
- 1 September 1992
- Occurred 35 miles off the coast
- El Tranisto (population 1,000)
- Sixteen people were killed (14 children
and two elderly men)
- 151 were injured.
- >200 houses were destroyed by waves
that reached more than 9 meters at this site.
- Tarapaca, Chile
- June 13, 2005
- Tectonic Setting of Chile
- Seismic Hazard Map of Chile
- Where: Tarapaca regions in the Andes
Mountains, 120 km (75 miles) ENE of Iquique, Chile
- When: Monday, June 13, 2005 at 6:44 PM
- Magnitude: 7.82005 Tarapaca Earthquake
- Losses (as of 6/15/2005)
- 11 known dead
- Damage
- Several houses collapsed
- power and telephone services interrupted
- roads damaged
- and landslides occurred in the Iquique
area.
- Why was there no tsunami?
- Asia
- 2004 Sumatra Earthquake
- Where: Off the west coast of northern
Sumatra
- When: Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 7:58
AM
- Magnitude: 9.0 M
- Depth: 30 km (18.6 miles)
- Cause: the release of stresses that develop
as the India plate subducts beneath the overriding Burma
plate (megathrust)
- Results:
- ~ 1200 km of the plate boundary slipped
- ~15 m of horizontal displacement
- ~10 m of vertical displacement
- Initial estimates based on the aftershock
distribution show the magnitude 9.0 Sumatra-Andaman
Islands Earthquake ruptured a patch of fault roughly
the size of California, and modeling of the seismic
waves show that most of the slip occurred in the southern
400 kilometers of the patch. For comparison, a magnitude
5 earthquake would rupture a patch roughly the size
of New York City's Central Park. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqinthenews/2004/usslav/rupture_area.html
- Timeline of Events
- 12:59 a.m. GMT Sunday: M 9.0 earthquake
off Sumatra, Indonesia.
- 1:07 a.m. GMT: Seismic signals from
stations in Australia alerted the NOAA Pacific Tsunami
Warning Center (PTSWC) in Hawaii about an earthquake.
- 1:14 a.m. GMT: The PTSWC in Hawaii
sent a bulletin to nations that participate in the
Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ITSU). India,
Sri Lanka and the Maldives are not members.
- 2:04 a.m. GMT: A second bulletin
was sent, alerting nations that the earthquake had
a preliminary magnitude of 8.5.
- The bulletin said the ITSU nations
did not face the threat of a tsunami, but did cite
the possibility of a tsunami near the quake's epicenter.
- 2:30 a.m. GMT: The warning center
alerted the Australia Management System
- 3:30 a.m. GMT: The center received
the first indications that devastating tsunamis had
formed from Internet news reports of casualties in
Sri Lanka.
- 3:45 a.m. GMT: A Sri Lanka navy commander
called the tsunami center to ask about the potential
for further tsunami damage and earthquake aftershocks.
- 4 a.m. GMT: The U.S. ambassador to
Sri Lanka called the tsunami center to set up a notification
system in case of aftershocks.
- 5:45 a.m. GMT: Harvard University
Seismology Department revises the magnitude to 8.9.
Tsunami center advises the Australian Bureau of Meteorology
that the waves could hit Australia's west coasts.
- 6 a.m. GMT: The center told the U.S.
Pacific Command in Hawaii about the growing earthquake
magnitude and the potential for devastating tsunamis
in the western Indian Ocean.
- 6:15 a.m. GMT: The Australia Bureau
of Meteorologists told the tsunami center that it
had sent out an alert concerning Australia's west
coast.
- Earthquake Related Damage – Tsunami
- Historic tsunami in the region
- 10 February 1797: Central part
of the western Sumatra. More then 300 fatalities.
- 24 November 1833: South coast
of the western Sumatra. Numerous victims.
- 05 January 1843: Strong earthquake
west of the central Sumatra. Many fatalities.
- 16 February 1861: Exceptionally
strong earthquake affected all the western coast
of Sumatra. Several thousand fatalities.
- 1883: Krakatau volcanic eruption;
36,000 fatalities
- Pacific Ocean has a Tsunami Warning
Center in Hawai’i
- The NOAA Pacific Tsunami Warning
Center tried to warn officials in regionNo tsunami
warning system exists in the Indian Ocean
- Infrastructure damaged or destroyed
- Roads, rails, and other means of
transportation
- Communication lines
- Water supplies
- Sewer lines
- Housing
- Crops and herds
- Victims
- Most of the victims were near the
coast
- One-third of the victims may be
children, because children are "the least able
to withstand the flooding or holding on.“ -
UNICEF director Carol Bellamy2004 Sumatra Earthquake
- Tsunami fatalities = 135,000+ (as of
12/31/04)
- Indonesia: 80,000+
- Sri Lanka: 41,000+
- India: 10,000+
- Thailand: 4,000+ (could be 7,000+)
- Somalia: 100s
- Myanmar: 90
- Malaysia: 66
- Maldives: 46
- Tanzania: 10
- Bangladesh: 2
- Kenya: 1
- Seychelles: ?
- Indonesia (80,000+ fatalities)
- Population: 238,452,952
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years: 29.4%
- 15-64 years: 65.5%
- 65 years +: 5.1%
- Median age: 26.1 years
- Current issues include:
- Water pollution from industrial
wastes & sewage
- Government in transition
- Armed separatist movements –
land mines
- Thailand (4,000+ fatalities)
- Population: 64,865,523
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years: 24.1%
- 15-64 years: 68.7%
- 65 years +: 7.3%
- Median age: 30.5 years
- Current issues include:
- Armed violence in southern provinces
- Water pollution from organic
and factory wastes
- Sri Lanka (41,000+ fatalities)
- Population: 19,905,165
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years: 24.8%
- 15-64 years: 68.2%
- 65 years +: 7%
- Median age: 29.1 years
- Current issues include:
- freshwater resources polluted
by industrial wastes & sewage
- Ethnic conflict
- Land mines
- India (10,000+ fatalities)
- Population: 1,065,070,607
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years: 31.7%
- 15-64 years: 63.5%
- 65 years +: 4.8%
- Median age: 24.4 years
- Environment - current issues:
- Water pollution from raw sewage
and runoff of agricultural pesticides;
- Tap water is not potable throughout
the country
- Chennai, India
- located about 350 kilometers north
of the Palk Strait
- Top image: a stretch of houses or
other structures has been wiped out
- Bottom image: Boats piled up on one
another
- Main image: sand and debris across
roads,and dramatic changes in the shape and size of
beaches.
- (Images from the Ikonos satellite)
- Maldives (46 fatalities)
- Population: 339,330
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years: 44.4%
- 15-64 years: 52.6%
- 65 years +: 3%
- Median age: 17.5 years
- Environment - current issues:
- Low level of islands = sensitive
to sea level rise
- Depletion of freshwater aquifers
- Global warming
- Somalia (several hundred fatalities)
- Population: 8,304,601
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years: 44.7%
- 15-64 years: 52.7%
- 65 years and over: 2.7%
- Median age: 17.6 years
- Current issues include:
- Clan warfare / ethnic disputes
- Famine & recurring droughts
- Use of contaminated water contributes
to human health problems
- Malaysia (66 fatalities)
- Population: 23,522,482
- Age structure:
- 0-14 years: 33.3%
- 15-64 years: 62.1%
- 65 years +: 4.5%
- Median age: 23.8 years
- Current issues include:
- Water pollution from raw sewage
- Middle East
- Turkey
- North Anatolian Fault
- 1995 Dinar Earthquake (Mw=6.2)
- August 17, 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake (Mw=7.4)
- May 1, 2003 Bingöl Earthquake
- Tectonic Setting of Turkey
- 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake
- August 17, 1999 (Mw=7.4)
- Number of deaths = 15,000
- Number of injured = 32,000
- Number of heavily damaged houses = 50,000
- Intensity (MSK) = IX
- Ground Failure and Building Performance
in Adapazari, Turkey © Copyright 2000, Regents of
the University of California
- Ground Failure and Building Performance
in Adapazari, Turkey
- Latin America
- Asia
- USGS Earthquake Harzards Program
- Turkey
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