Introduction
to Environmental Geology of Developing Nations
The Beginning Of
Cities | Population
| Developed vs. Undeveloped | The
Focus of This Class | Losses from Natural Disasters
| Energy Sources of Disasters | Links
- The Beginning Of Cities
- Civilization
- any distinct society, whether complex
and city-dwelling, or simple and tribal. (From Wikipedia)
- This definition is often perceived as
- less exclusive and ethnocentric than
others
- nearly synonymous with culture
- Earliest Areas to have Cities
- Near East
- Mesopotamia (Sumerian Culture)
- Nile Valley (Egyptian)
- Indus River Valley (Harappan)
- Far East
- Yellow River Valley (Shang)
- Mesoamerica
- Mexico (Aztec and Maya)
- Peru (Inca)
- Natural Determinants for these Cities
- Topography
- Climate - 5 of 6 are between 20° &
40° N. Lat
- Construction Materials
- Resources
- Earliest Areas to have Cities
- Human Determinants
- Religion,
- Ethnic Grouping,
- Defense,
- Economics
- Growth of Modern Cities
- The Same Determinants Exist
- Cities have grown huge
- Area of impact extends far beyond the
city
- Geologic hazards are completely ignored.
- Population
- Distribution Of Population
2000 Population
(Source: UN Population Division)
|
1. |
Tokyo, Japan |
26.4 million |
2. |
Mexico City, Mexico |
18.1 million |
3. |
São Paulo, Brazil
|
18 million |
4. |
New York, United States |
16.7 million |
5. |
Mumbai, India |
16.1 million |
6. |
Los Angeles, United States
|
13.2 million |
7. |
Kolkata (Calcutta), India
|
13.1 million |
8. |
Shanghai, China |
12.9 million |
9. |
Dhaka, Bangladesh |
12.5 million |
10. |
Delhi, India |
12.4 million |
11. |
Buenos Aires, Argentina
|
12 million |
12. |
Jakarta, Indonesia |
11 million |
13. |
O-saka, Japan |
11 million |
14. |
Beijing, China |
10.8 million |
15. |
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
10.7 million |
16. |
Kara-chi, Pakistan |
10 million |
17. |
Manila, Philippines |
10 million |
18. |
Seoul, South Korea |
9.9 million |
19. |
Paris, France |
9.6 million |
20. |
Cairo, Egypt |
9.5 million |
- People per Square Mile in 1998
-
People per Square
Mile in 1998
(1999 World Almanac)
|
1. |
Earth Land
Area |
104 |
2. |
United States |
74 |
3. |
Mexico |
130 |
4. |
China |
335 |
5. |
India |
805 |
6. |
Japan |
863 |
7. |
Los Angeles |
7,600 |
8. |
New York City |
24,000 |
9. |
Tokyo |
25,000 |
10. |
Manhattan |
75,000 |
11. |
Bombay |
127,000 |
12. |
Hong Kong |
247,000 |
- Developed vs. Undeveloped
- Two different types of societies
- Developed nations
- Undeveloped nations
- Developed
- Technology
- The right tool for using the Mineral
Resources
- Money
- Science
- Insurance
- Undeveloped
- Overpopulation
- Misuse of land
- Poor planning
- "outside influences"
- Poor economic status
- Lack of technology
- Geographic Location
- There are at least four types of nations:
- Developed nations
- Canada,
- United States,
- European Union,
- Japan,
- Etc.
- Nations with a developing economy
- China,
- India,
- Brazil,
- South Africa,
- Mexico,
- etc.
- Developing nations
- most countries in
- Asia,
- Africa,
- South America,
- Central America,
- and the Caribbean
- Underdeveloped or mal-developed
nations
- other countries in
- Asia,
- Africa,
- and South America
- Terms to Know
- Population
growth rate is a term used in demographics and
ecology which refers to the rate at which the number of
individuals in a population increases.
- In demography, the crude birth
rate of a population is the number of childbirths
per 1000 persons per year.
- Mortality
rate (the word mortality comes from mortal, which
originates from Latin mors, death) is the annual number
of deaths (from a disease or at general) per 1000 people.
It is distinct from morbidity rate, which refers to the
number of people who have a disease compared to the total
number of people in a population.
- One distinguishes
- 1. The crude death rate, the
total annual number of deaths per 1000 people.
- 2. The fetal mortality rate,
the number of fetal deaths per all the births
in a given year (both the live births and the
dead births).
- 3. The maternal mortality rate,
the relationship between the number of maternal
deaths due to childbearing and the number of live
births or by the sum of live births and fetal
deaths in a given year.
- 4. The infant mortality rate,
the annual number of deaths of children less than
1 year old per thousand live births.
- Population
Pyramid
- Show as two back-to-back bar graphs
in a particular population in five-year age groups
- one showing the number of males
(left side)
- one showing the number of females
(right side)
- Triangular population distribution
- Indicates a population in which there
is a high birth rate, a high death rate and a short
life expectancy.
- Note that there tend to be more females
than males in each age group. (females tend to have
a longer life expectancy.)
- Typical pattern for a less economically
developed country
- little access to or incentive
to use birth control,
- poor hygiene (often due to a
lack of clean water)
- and little access to health services.
- Rectangular population distribution
- Indicates a population in which there
few children and young people, and the lack of change
in size between consecutive age groups that very few
people die until they reach old age.
- Typical pattern for a economically
developed country
- low birth and death rates
- long life expectancy,
- contraception is widely used
- good public hygiene and health
care.
- North America - US & Canada
- Canada
- 2004 population 32.5 million
- Growth Rate 0.92%/yr
- Doubling Rate 87 years
- 2025 population 373 million
- USA
- 2004 population 293 million
- Growth Rate 0.92%/yr
- Doubling Rate 78 years
- 2025 population 335 million
- Latin America
- 1999 population 507 million
- Growth Rate 2.3%/yr
- Doubling Rate 38 years
- 2025 population 695 million
- Individual countries
|
GR |
DR |
2004 Population |
Costa Rica |
1.52% |
38 Years |
4 Million |
Mexico |
1.80% |
34 Years |
105 Million |
Brazil |
1.11% |
55 Years |
184 Million |
- Euroe & Africa
- Europe
- 1999 population 508 million
- Growth Rate 0.3%
- Doubling Rate 233 years
- 2025 population 491 million
- Africa
- 1999 population 761 million
- Growth Rate 2.9%
- Doubling Rate 24 years
- 2025 population 1,323 million
- Asia Excluding Russia
- 1999 population 3,528 million
- Growth Rate 1.9%
- Doubling Rate 37 years
- 2025 population 4.7 billion
- Individual countries
-
|
GR |
DR |
1999 Population |
Japan |
0.08% |
360 Years |
127 Million |
China |
0.57% |
80 Years |
1.29 Billion |
India |
1.44% |
42 Years |
1.07 Billion |
- Three things hinder the growth of developing
countries today:
- Their growing population absorbs much
of the economic growth from their resources.
- Global economics and finance are already
dominated by the developed nations.
- They face issues of environmental awareness
that were absent when todays industrialized countries
were growing economically.
- The Focus of This Class
- Focus of this class
- Learn about natural disasters, and the
geologic processes that are responsible
- Examine how natural disasters affect
undeveloped nations
- Environmental
- concerned with the ecological effects
of altering the environment; environmental pollution
geology
- The science which treats: (a) Of the
structure and mineral constitution of the globe; structural
geology. (b) Of its history as regards rocks, minerals,
rivers, valleys, mountains, climates, life, etc.; historical
geology. (c) Of the causes and methods by which its structure,
features, changes, and conditions have been produced;
dynamical geology.
- Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged
Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc.
- What is a Natural Disaster?
- An event of nature that releases energy
upon an area, causing destruction of property and loss
of human life.A
- subdiscipline of Environmental Geology
- What is a Natural Hazard?
- A hazard that arises from geological
or weather-related occurrences.
- Includes:
- Earthquakes
- Volcanoes
- Floods
- Storms / Hurricanes / Tornadoes
- Natural Hazard Definitions
- Magnitude
- Frequency
- How often the event happens
- Return Period
- The time between two events of the
same size
- Losses from Natural Disasters
- Losses from Natural Disasters - Human Fatalities
- Worst Disasters:
- Floods
- Hurricanes
- Earthquakes
- Severe Weather
- Least:
- Tsunami and Volcanic eruptions
- Amount varies from year to year
- The population density of a region affects
number of fatalities
- Losses from Natural Disasters - Economic
- Sources
- Buildings and other structures
- Industry and businesses
- Insured Portion of Economic Losses
- Amount covered by insurance
- Dollar amount lost is different than
lives lost
- US, Europe and Japan have fewer lives
lost but higher damage costs
- Energy Sources of Disasters
- Primary Sources
- Impacts with Asteroids and Comets
- Origin of the Sun & Planets
- Gravity
- Attraction between two or more objects
- Interaction between the sun, moon and
Earth produces tidal energy
- Spring Tides
- During the period of a new moon,
the moon and sun are lined up on the same side of
the Earth
- Produces the greatest range between
high water and low water
- Neap Tides
- Produced when the moon is at a right
angle to the line of centers of the Earth and the
sun
- The range between high and low water
is small
- Internal Heat
- Impact energy from the formation of the
planet
- Gravitational energy
- Radioactive Elements
- The Sun
- Small percentage of total solar energy
reaches the Earth
- More than 3500 times greater than Earths
interior heat flow
- Where does the energy go?
- 30% -> Albedo (reflection)
- 47 % -> Absorbed by air, sea and
land
- 23 % -> Evaporation / begin hydrologic
cycle
- External Sources of Energy
- The Hydrologic Cycle
- Energy Transfer
- The transfer of energy from one substance
to another
- Heat Capacity
- the amount of heat required to raise
one gram of a substance 1°C
- Questions
- In what ways might an environmental geology
course benefit the liberal arts or business and/or generally
your major?
- List 10 natural disaster or geologic hazard
problems in order to priority and indicate which one among
them you would list as the most important one and why?
- In many African nations, civil war and ethnic
cleansing kills millions of innocent people each
year.
- Why are we more likely to donate money
to victims of natural disasters than to victims of war?
|